By Phil Rarick, Weston Trust Attorney, and Jasmine Benitez, Legal Assistant

In Florida, qualified beneficiaries of a trust have a legal right to receive an accounting from the trustee. This accounting is a detailed report of the trust’s financial activities, including income, expenses, distributions, and the status of trust assets. It ensures transparency and helps beneficiaries verify that the trustee is managing the trust according to Florida law.

Note: Unless you waive your right to an accounting, the Trustee has a duty to provide an accounting to all qualified beneficiaries. This accounting must comply with F.S. 736.0813. Among other things, the trustee must disclose his or her fees and costs charged to the trust.

What is Trust Accounting?

A trust accounting typically includes:

• Income: Dividends, interest, or rent generated by the trust.
• Expenditures: Distributions to beneficiaries, trustee fees, CPA fees, and administrative costs.
• Investments: Records of any asset purchases or sales.
• Balances: Beginning and ending balances for the accounting period.

This report gives beneficiaries critical insight into how the trustee is managing the trust.

Florida Law on Beneficiary Rights

Under Florida Statutes Section 736.1008, qualified beneficiaries have the right to request an accounting at any time. Trustees must provide this accounting within a reasonable period upon request.

What Happens if a Trustee Fails to Provide an Accounting?

If a trustee does not provide an accounting, beneficiaries can:

• Request one in writing.
• Petition the court to compel the trustee to provide the accounting.
• Seek the removal of the trustee.

Why is Trust Accounting Important?

An accounting ensures that:

• The trust is being managed properly and in line with the grantor’s intent.
• Beneficiaries can verify that distributions and expenses are legitimate.
• Potential issues, such as mismanagement, can be addressed early.
• The trustee’s fees and costs are reasonable.

Conclusion

A qualified beneficiary’s right to trust accounting is a key protection under Florida law, ensuring transparency and accountability. If you are a qualified beneficiary and believe the trustee is not fulfilling their duties, consult an estate planning attorney to understand your options. If you are a trustee, do not try to administer the trust without an experienced Miami trust attorney. For more information about Trust Administration, see our guide: Practical Tips For The Florida Trustee.

For more information, contact Phil Rarick, Weston Trust Attorney, at info@raricklaw.com.

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Special Note

The information on this blog is of a general nature and is not intended to answer any individual’s legal questions. Do not rely on the information presented herein to address your individual legal concerns. If you have a legal question about your individual facts and circumstances, you should consult an attorney who is experienced in Florida trust law. Your receipt of information from this website, blog, or Miami trust attorney does not create an attorney-client relationship and the legal privileges inherent therein.

By Phil Rarick, Weston Trust Attorney, and Jasmine Benitez, Legal Assistant

The answer is yes – under certain circumstances, a trustee can be removed from their duties. A trustee has a high fiduciary responsibility to act in the best interest of the qualified beneficiaries, but if they fail to do so, there are legal grounds for removal.

This blog will walk you through the typical legal grounds for removing a trustee, the process involved, and what steps you can take if you believe a trustee is not fulfilling their responsibilities.

Legal Grounds for Removing a Trustee in Florida

A trustee in Florida can be removed for a variety of reasons, typically tied to their failure to act in accordance with the trust’s terms or their fiduciary duties. Common grounds for trustee removal include:

– Breach of Fiduciary Duty

A trustee has a legal obligation to act in the best interests of the beneficiaries, and any violation of this duty is grounds for removal.

• Self-dealing: The trustee uses trust assets for their own benefit.
• Mismanagement of assets: Failing to invest or manage trust property properly, or making risky, imprudent investments. A trustee must follow the prudent investor rule, which can best be summarized as follows: the trustee should ensure that trust investments stay ahead of inflation but are not in high-risk investments such as cryptocurrencies. Unless otherwise stated in the trust, the investments should be broadly diversified. And importantly, the Trustee assets must produce income for the beneficiaries. See 5 Warning Signs That A Trust Is Not Performing.
• Failure to make required distributions: Not following the trust’s instructions on when and how to distribute assets to beneficiaries.

– Lack of Transparency and Failure to Disclose Information

Trustees are required to provide regular, accurate, and complete information about the trust to the beneficiaries. If a trustee fails to disclose relevant information or is not transparent about the trust’s activities, this could lead to their removal.

• Not providing annual financial statements
• Withholding or failing to disclose the trust document
• Not informing beneficiaries about important trust decisions.

See 5 Key Rights of a Florida Trust Beneficiary.

– Conflict of Interest

A trustee must act impartially and without personal bias. If a trustee has a conflict of interest, such as standing to benefit personally from a decision, they can be removed. This could include situations where the trustee is in a personal dispute with a beneficiary or has a financial interest that conflicts with their duties.

The Process for Removing a Trustee in Florida

If you believe a trustee should be removed, the process typically involves legal action, either through the terms of the trust or by petitioning the court. Here’s a breakdown of the steps involved:

1. Review the Trust Document

Start by reviewing the trust document. Some trusts include provisions that allow for the removal and replacement of a trustee, either by the beneficiaries, a co-trustee, or a third party (such as a trust protector or advisor). If the trust includes such provisions, the process for removal may be relatively straightforward.

2. Petitioning the Court for Removal

If the trust document doesn’t specify how a trustee can be removed or if there’s no agreement among the beneficiaries, the next step is to petition the court. The petition is typically filed in the probate court or circuit court that has jurisdiction over the trust.

3. Court Decision

If the court finds that the trustee has violated their fiduciary duties, breached the terms of the trust, or otherwise failed to fulfill their responsibilities, it can order their removal. The court may also appoint a successor trustee, either from a list of qualified individuals provided by the trust or based on its own determination of who would be the best fit to administer the trust.

4. Appointment of a Successor Trustee

If the trustee is removed, a new trustee will need to be appointed. If the trust document specifies a successor, they can take over immediately. If not, the court will appoint someone to act as the new trustee.

Key Takeaways:

1. Yes, a trustee can be removed in Florida for reasons such as breach of fiduciary duty, lack of transparency, failure to disclose trust information, and conflicts of interest.
2. The process of removing a trustee generally involves petitioning the court, unless the trust document provides a mechanism for removal.
3. If you are a beneficiary, communicate your concerns, gather evidence, and consult with an experienced Miami trust planning attorney to determine the best course of action.
4. After removal, a successor trustee must be appointed to ensure that the trust is administered properly and that the beneficiaries’ interests are protected.

Trustees play a critical role in managing trusts, and when they fail to fulfill their duties, it’s essential to take prompt action to protect the trust and its beneficiaries. If you’re facing issues with a trustee in Florida, working with an experienced Miami trust attorney can help ensure that the trust is properly managed and that your interests are defended.

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Consult with a Miami Trust Attorney

Consulting with an experienced estate planning attorney is crucial. An attorney can help you assess whether the trustee’s actions—or lack of action—justify removal, and they can guide you through the process of filing a petition with the court. They can also help you understand your rights as a beneficiary and what you can do to protect your interests.

For more information, contact Phil Rarick, Weston Trust Attorney, at info@raricklaw.com.

Special Note

The information on this blog is of a general nature and is not intended to answer any individual’s legal questions. Do not rely on the information presented herein to address your individual legal concerns. If you have a legal question about your individual facts and circumstances, you should consult an attorney who is experienced in Florida trust law. Your receipt of information from this website, blog, or Miami trust attorney does not create an attorney-client relationship and the legal privileges inherent therein.

By Phil Rarick, Weston Trust Attorney

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Every family needs instructions in the event of disability or death. A Family Trust, also known as a Living Trust, is your detailed, legally binding instructions to care for you and your family in the event of mental incapacity or death. A trust can accomplish all the goals of a will and in addition avoid probate and guardianship when properly funded. A will must go through a bureaucratic, expensive and time-consuming legal process called probate where the court may intervene in your personal or business affairs. This is why the Revocable Family Trust has become the preferred plan of choice over a will for most people; it is almost certainly the best plan if you have children.

Understanding a Family Trust – a/k/a Living Trust

There are three primary roles in a Family Trust: the grantor, trustee, and beneficiary.

The grantor is the person who makes the trust; the Trustee is the person who is legally found to follow the trust instructions exactly as stated in the Trust. And the beneficiary? Every dime of the trust must go to the beneficiaries. Initially, you can be the Grantor, Trustee, and, along with your spouse or children, the Beneficiaries.

Most Family Trusts are revocable because the grantor wants to retain 100% control over the trust instructions and change them whenever he or she wants at any time during their lifetime.   Control and flexibility are two key goals in Trusts.  The Trust has a major advantage over the mortal person: it does not become incapacitated, and it does not end at death.  It continues to provide for your family as long as needed to help protect the lifestyle of your family.   If you have children, it can help ensure they get a high-quality education and that the funds cannot be claimed by a spouse or creditor of the child.

Key Benefits of a Revocable Family Trust

1. Avoiding Guardianship. Guardianship is a bureaucratic legal process where the court supervises the person and/or property of a person.  The court selects the Guardian.    In my 30 years of practice as a Miami Trust attorney, I cannot recall anyone who wanted to allow a court to intervene in their personal or business affairs; almost all persons want a family member to take charge if they have a temporary or permanent incapacity.  A trust can help you keep legal control in the family.

2. Avoiding Probate. One of the biggest advantages of a family trust is that it allows assets to bypass the probate process provided the Trust is properly funded. Probate is the court-supervised process of distributing a deceased person’s estate, which can be time-consuming, costly, and public. By transferring assets to a family trust, those assets can be distributed directly to the beneficiaries without the need for probate, saving time and money.

3. Protection for Minor Children and Young Adults. The Trust can help ensure that funds going to minor or adult children are used in a smart way.    For minor children, a trust can help ensure that the minor child does not waste the funds by getting a big lump sum payment or that the funds could be claimed by creditors of the child after age 18.  Rather, the trust can help ensure the child receives a first-rate college and graduate education. For adult children who may marry or are already married, the trust can provide protections so the adult child’s spouse cannot claim funds designated for the child.

Conclusion Whether you have $100,000 or over $1 million you should first consider a Family Trust or a Living Trust over a Will for your estate plan as a Trust that is properly funded will help avoid the bureaucratic legal processes known as guardianship and probate. Plus, the trust can provide strong protections for minor and adult children to make sure your hard-earned money is used in a smart way for your children’s future.

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For more information about the Family Trust or Living Trust see our short guide, Understanding Living Trusts by Miami Trust attorney Phil Rarick or contact our office at (305) 709-2858 for a consultation.

Notice: This article is intended for informational purposes only. It is important you consult with an experienced Miami Trust attorney. For more information contact attorney Phil Rarick at  (305) 709-2858 or by email prarick@raricklaw.com.

The Covid-19 Pandemic has changed the world as we know it and presented daunting challenges we have not encountered in our life time. It requires a total review of your estate plan and business entities to assure you are taking full advantage of Florida laws designed to protect your family and business.

The hard new reality: What plan was best for you prior to 2020 may not be what is best for you today

Take this three minute survey for a quick assessment:

If single: Special 2020 Asset Protection Checklist for Single Professionals

If married: Special 2020 Asset Protection Checklist for Married Professionals Note to All: Two important legal documents for everyone over age 18:

• An up-to-date Florida specific Durable Power of Attorney
• A comprehensive Florida Health Care Surrogate

Special note to all parents with college students and young adults:

We now know that COVID-19 can attack any age. The last people who consider a DPA and Health Care Surrogate mentioned above are young adults. If you are a parent with adult children over age 18, I urge you to convince your sons or daughters to secure these important legal instruments. For a flat fee, we are available to prepare these documents, review the key legal provisions with your adult children, and email them for signing.

We will get through this together, as we did after Pearl Harbor and 9/11, and will be a stronger, more united country. Stay well and stay safe!

DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY FROM DON LEWIS TO CAROLE BASKIN dated November 21, 1996

You can always count on the Americans to do the right thing – after they’ve tried everything else. – Winston Churchill.

Millions of small business owners and self-employed have filed for loans under the Paycheck Protection Program because part or all of the loan can be forgiven if you retain your employees and maintain their salary levels.

Okay, we know, as of this writing, millions have applied and few have received!

But assuming SBA gets through this current bottle-neck and the funding starts to flow, then your focus will be on maxing out the amount that can be forgiven.

The SBA will forgive the part of your loan that covers the first eight weeks of payroll, mortgage interest, rent, and utility payments immediately after you receive funding. You must use 75% of the borrowed loan for payroll costs; only 25% can be for mortgage interest, rent, and utilities.

The SBA will not forgive the portion of the loan used for other expenses; this part of the loan will be maintained at a 2 year loan at 1% interest rate. Loan payments are deferred for the first 6 months of the loan although interest will accrue during this time.

So even if part of your loan is not forgiven, the loan terms are exceptionally favorable for you – maybe this explains why many banks have been lying low in the grass and not soliciting applications because they simply do not want to take on a boat-load of low interest rate loans or short term loans that are quickly forgiven.

So here are 5 quick tips for maxing out your loan forgiveness:

1. If possible, do not reduce the number of full time employees during the 8 week period. The SBA will do a Head Count Analysis for this period and reduce the forgivable portion of your loan according to a head count formula.

Note #1: The CARES Act allows the business to remedy the forgiveness amount by June 30, 2020, but it is still unclear how mechanically you do this. Expect further SBA guidance on this point.

2. If possible, do not reduce employee salaries during the 8 week period. The SBA will do a Wage Analysis and reduce the forgivable portion according to their wage analysis formula for any such reduction. But see Note #1 above.
3. Keep the loan funds in a separate bank account and only withdraw to cover eligible expenses.
4. Keep a separate expense account to accumulate all eligible costs.
5. Document all eligible costs.

For a deep dive into the tax benefits for small business under the CARES act I highly recommend for other attorneys and professional advisors the recent webinar by estate tax lawyer, super-guru and friend Alan Gassman: Update On The Paycheck Protection Act Loan Rules.

Here is an updated calculator from Turbotax: Stimulus Check Calculator When Will Checks Arrive?

If you signed up for direct deposit on either your 2018 or 2019 tax return, the IRS reportedly will start issuing electronic deposits on April 9 and they should show up in your bank account by April 14. However, remember, this program is fluid and these target dates are subject to change.

If you receive Social Security Benefits and usually don’t file a tax return, the IRS will use the information from your Social Security benefits statement to calculate the stimulus check amount. They will send the check electronically if that is how you typically receive your Social Security payments.

Note: For persons who don’t file a tax return, the IRS plans to create an on-line portal where you can file a “simple return” to provide your bank account information. This portal should go live within the next few weeks.

If the IRS has to send you a paper check, priority will be given to lower income persons; higher income persons will wait longer to get their checks.

Quick Tip: If you want to try to get your check sooner, then file your 2019 tax return as soon as possible and sign up for direct deposit.

In these challenging times, we are here to help you, your family and small business successfully navigate this massive but temporary storm. We will get through this together! Look for our future alerts.

In 2008 Florida passed an amendment to our Trust Code designed to allow a Trustee to use trust funds to pay legal fees incurred in defending a breach of trust litigation without prior court approval, so long as the Trustee gave notice to qualified beneficiaries of its intent to do so.

On its face, Florida Statute, F.S. 736.0802(10), seems to give the Trustee access to Trust funds to defend itself, but on closer examination, it creates a potential conflict of interest sandtrap.

Yes, the Trustee can give notice to the qualified beneficiary of its intent to use trust funds to pay attorney fees. However, if the beneficiary moves to prevent the trustee from paying attorneys’ fees and costs from the trust, and is able to proffer sufficient evidence to establish a “reasonable basis for the court to conclude that there has been a breach of Trust,” F.S. 736.0802(10)(b) authorizes the court to enter an order prohibiting further payment and order a refund of any fees already paid, unless the court finds good cause not to do so.” So, if the court orders a refund, who pays? The Trustee? The Attorney? The Florida Trust Code is silent. Hence, the ethical quagmire. For a more complete analysis see, Hidden In Plain Sight: Avoiding Conflicts of Interest In Trust Litigation, Florida Bar Journal, Vol. 90, No. 1 January 2016, by Matthew Triggs and Jessica D. Zietz.

Solution For the Trust Drafter

F.S. 736.0105(2) provides that the terms of a trust override the Florida Trust Code with only a few exceptions not applicable here. Therefore, the Trust Settlor can avoid the morass of F.S. 736.0802(10) by: (1) explicitly stating that the Settlor does not want any Trustee to be reluctant to accept the duties of Trustee for fear of threats or lawsuits that might force the Trustee to pay fees and costs from the Trustee’s personal resources; (2) waiving any conflict of interest for trustee using trust assets to defend the trustee for breach of trust action; (3) stating that the Trustee can pay any and all attorney fees and costs from the Trust assets to defend the Trustee before and after a lawsuit is filed, excepting only acts of willful wrongdoing and gross negligence on the part of the Trustee; (4) waiving all statutory requirements and rights as set forth in F.S. 736.0802(10).

Take-Away Point For The Trust Drafter

1. Consider a definitive conflict waiver and authorization for payment of attorney Fees and costs to defend a breach of trust action incorporating the four elements discussed above in all Florida Trust Agreements.

Special Note

The information on this blog is of a general nature and is not intended to answer any individual’s legal questions. Do not rely on information presented herein to address your individual legal concerns. If you have a legal question about your individual facts and circumstances, you should consult an experienced Weston estate planning attorney. Your receipt of information from this website or blog does not create an attorney-client relationship and the legal privileges inherent therein.

May the odds be with you – but frankly they are not:

• A recent study indicated that the average lawyer can now expect three legal malpractice claims during his or her career.
• The overwhelming majority of legal malpractice claims — over 65% — are brought against firms with five or fewer attorneys.

Our firm concentrates on estate and asset protection planning – helping small business owners protect their business and savings in good times and bad. Although most of our high risk clients inquiring about an asset protection trust are doctors, we are getting more calls from attorneys. For good reason. Our over-all goal is to make you an unattractive target against a hostile creditor. We call it our “Porcupine Strategy”: the goal is to take full advantage of Florida law and laws outside of Florida to make your assets as unattractive to attack as a Porcupine would be to a wolf.

The conventional wisdom to minimize legal malpractice risk is a professional insurance policy. No attorney with a small firm needs to be told how the premiums for these policies have been skyrocketing over the past five years. These high premiums should force you to ask if there are other ways to protect you from personal liability. The first letter you will get will demand disclosure of your insurance limits. Insurance is absolutely necessary as a war chest to defend you, but it runs counter to our Porcupine Strategy because rather than make you a more unattractive target, it makes you an enticing prey.

Asset Protection Analysis: Where To Start

Basic asset protection analysis for Florida attorneys starts with taking a look at your complete bundle of assets and dividing them into two columns: Protected and Exposed. Assets such as your homestead, IRA, 401k, life insurance, pre-Paid Florida Tuition, and 529 plans are well protected by Florida law if acquired before the threat arises.

Note: Creditors have a civil remedy to claw back transfers made “with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor of the debtor.” Florida Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, F.S. 726. Therefore, timing of transfers is critical.

Assets that are exposed may be your vacation home, investments in rental real estate (this is the lowest of the low hanging fruit), brokerage account, savings account, and boat.

Multiple Options, But Consider a Nevada Asset Protection Trust

A rigorous asset protection plan often has multiple defensive options. For example, your vacation home or rental properties may need to be transferred to a multi-member Florida LLC with a robust anti-Olmstead operating agreement. However, if you have significant non-qualified investments (investments that are not IRA, 401k, or SEP) you likely should consider a domestic asset protection trust (DAPT). Florida does not have laws favorable to creating a DAPT, but many other states do. Based upon a national analysis and my experience, the top tier states are Nevada, Alaska, Delaware and South Dakota, with Nevada routinely ranking first. See Domestic Asset Protection Chart Rankings by attorney Steve Oshins. For more information see our report: Nevada Asset Protection Trust: Your Best Option? A properly structured Nevada APT can protect your equity investments while still giving you control over distributions and how your money is invested.

Timing

As already noted, Florida has a civil remedy law that allows creditors to claw back transfers if there is a known or threatened creditor. This means that Asset Protection Planning must be done when the waters are quiet – before any threat arises.

Two Big Take-Aways

1. At a bare minimum, do an asset protection analysis of your bundle of investments and assets.  Consider a Domestic Asset Protection Trust as an option for your intangible assets.
2. Don’t wait.  Most attorneys fail to consider asset protection planning until it is too late.  The lesson is clear:  do not put this off.  Everyone is busy, but protecting your business and family comes first.

We are available for consultations; we charge a flat fee of $400 for the initial consultation and often can give you a flat fee for the proposed asset protection structure that we recommend. Let us know if we can help.

Special Note

The information on this blog is of a general nature and is not intended to answer any individual’s legal questions. Do not rely on information presented herein to address your individual legal concerns. If you have a legal question about your individual facts and circumstances, you should consult an experienced Weston estate planning attorney. Your receipt of information from this website or blog does not create an attorney-client relationship and the legal privileges inherent therein.